HISTORY
01. Advent of Europeans to India
Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences each
1. “Scientific developments led to sea voyages” Justify
Ans :- The invention of new scientific instruments like the compass, gun powder, naval equipments, maps. etc….. helped the sailors in their sea voyages. It led to the discovers of new sea routes.
2. How was the European trade conducted with India in the beginning?
Ans:- The European trade was carried on via The Persian gulf, Red sea and through the north-western regions of India during the middle ages. The trade was carried on the rich cities of Venice, Geneva, Milan and Florence. Italy acted as a distribution centre for the spices obtained from India.
3. When and between whom was the Battle of Plessey fought? What were its results?
Ans :- The Battle of Plessey was fought in 1757, between Siraj-Ud-Daula and the British.
Results
• The English Army under the leadership of Robert Clive, defeated the Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daula.
• Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal.
• The British got Zamindari rights over 24 paraganas.
4. Describe the system of Dual Government.
Ans: The East Indian company’s Governor, Robert clive was introduced the system of Dual Government in 1765 A.D. in Bengal. According to this, the English got the rights to collect land revenue & importing of Justice & other administrative functions were to be carried on by the Nawab.
5. Give reasons for the discovery of new sea routes to India.
• The navigators were encouraged by Europeans.
• New scientific, discoveries like compass, gun powder, maps etc. were helped.
• The stories of wealth & interest of missionaries also helped.
6. When & between whom was the battle of Buxar fought? what were the results?
The Battle of Buxar was fought in 1764 between the British and confederate army of the mughal emperor shah alam, Siraj-Ud-Daula & Mir Qasim.
Results
• Bihar, Orissa and Bengal provinces were acquired by the British.
• British got the Diwani rights of these provinces from the Mughal Emperor.
2. KANNADA SPEAKING AREAS DURING THE COLONIAL RULE
Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences.
1) What was the cause for the second Mysore war?
Ans: Hyder Ali was attacked by the Marathas. The English did not come to his help according to the treaty of Madras. This made Hyder Ali dislike & distrust them. But Governor General warren Hastings broke the alliance in 1780. The British captured Mahe this led to the II Anglo Mysore war.
2) Which are the areas of Hyderbad Karnataka?
Ans: Today’s Bidar, Gulbarga, Yadgiri & Raichur which were under the direct rule of the Nizam, have been identified as the regions of Hyderabad Karnataka.
3) Explain the friendship between the British and Venkatappa Nayaka of Ikkeri.
Ans: The English relation with south canara were started in 1737. They obtained permission to trade from Bidanur from Venkatappa Nayaka. In certain places they even gained monopoly to trade in pepper & caradomom.
4) Describe the role of Guddemane Appayya gowda in the coorg mutiny.
Guddemane Appayya Gowda led a struggle under his leadership started a peasant’s revolts in lower coorg. This revolt was suppressed by the English through the Diwans of coorg. The British projected this as a revolt. Many activists were arrested & hanged to death.
5) What was the condition of Kannada speaking regions when the English came to India?
• Few Kannada speaking regions were under the control of native rulers like the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad and Nawab of carnatic.
• Some other regions were under the control of Bombay & Madras presidencies.
6) How did the Hyder Ali fight against the English during the Anglo- Mysore Wars?
• The English attacked on the Mysore State with the help of Nizam and Marathas
• Hyder Ali of Mysore was able to win the support of Nizam and Marathas.
• Hyder Ali attacked captured Madras With the help of Nizam and Marathas.
• Sir Eyre Coote defeated Hyder Ali with the help of Nizam and Marathas in 1781 A.D.
7. What were the terms of the treaty of Madras?
• The English and Hyder Ali both agreed to return the territories that they had captured from each other.
• The English promised to assist Hyder Ali when he attacked by his enemies.
8. What were the results of II Anglo Mysore war?
• Sir Eyre coote was defeated Hyder Ali with the help of the Nizam and Marathas in 1781.
• The war led to the treaty of Mangalore in 1784 A.D.
9. What were the results of III Anglo Mysore war (Treaty of Srirangapatna)
• Tippu lost the war & forced to sign the Treaty of Srirangapatna in 1792.
• He gave up half of the the territories to the enemies.
• He had to pay heavy war indemnity 330 lakhs to the English.
• The English kept two of his sons a hostages until he pay war indemnity.
• The English took some regions of Tamil Nadu and Malabar.
10. What were the results of IVth Anglo- Mysore war?
• Tippu was killed by the British.
• Krishnaraja wodeyar III became the ruler of the Mysore.
• Maximum territory of mysore was divided among the English & Nijam.
• Krishnaraja wodeyar III accepted subsidiary Alliance & Secured old Mysore state.
03. FOLK HISTORY
1. What is Oral History?
The History created by oral description to narrate the lives of ordinary
People is called Oral History.
2. Name the Yugas which we have in India History?
* Tretayuga * Dwaparyuga * Kaliyuga
3. What is meant by Kalachakra ?
Viewing history in a cyclic manner is called Kalachakra.
4. What is simple linear model ?
The method of writing of history which was followed by the westerners is called simple Linear model.
5. What is meant by Yuga ?
The completion of one Kalachakra Cycle is called Yuga.
6. In the Bellary region who is more popular than Krishnadevaraya among the common people?
Kumararama is more popular than the Krishnadevaraya among the common people in the Bellary Region.
7. What is more important than evidences in oral history ?
Sensiblity is more important than evidences in oral history.
8. What is boon to the histotian ?
Oral source is a boon to the Historians
9. What history has gained a lot of importance In recent year?
The Study of the history of common people have gained a lot of importance in recent years.
04. THE FOUNDATION OF BRITISH ADMINISTRATION AND IT’S EFFECT’S
1. Who introduced the doctrine of subsidiary alliance?
Lord Wellesley introduced Doctrine of subsidiary Alliance.
2. Who was the first ruler to accept the subsidiary alliance?
The Nizam of Hayderabad was the first ruler to accept the subsidiary alliance.
3. Which treaty ended the first Anglo-Maratha war?
The first Anglo-Martha war came to an end in 1782 by the treaty of Salbai.
4. Which treaty ended the second Anglo-Maratha war?
The second Anglo-Maratha war came to an end by the treaty of Bassein
5. Who was known as the “Lion of Punjab”?
The sikh king Ranjit Sing was known as the Lion of Punjab
6. What is Khalsa?
Ans: Kalsa is the army of the Sikha
7. When was the Regulating Act passed?
Regulating Act was pssed in 1773.
8. When was Dual Government withdrawn?
Dual government withdrawn by the Regulating Act of 1773
9. Which Act created a federal structure of India?
The Government of India Act of 1935 created a federal structure in India.
10. Which Act became the basis of the Indian constitution?
The Government of India Act of 1935 became the basis of the Indian constitution.
11. Which act permitted the establishment of Supreme court of India?
The Regulating Act permitted the establishment of the Supreme court in India
12. Which act provided for separate electoral constituency based on religion?
The Act of 1909 was provided for separate electoral constituency based on religion.
13. Who succeeded Peshwa madhav Rao I?
Peshwa Narayan Rao.
14. Under which Act Bicameral Governments were brought into practice in provinces?
Act of 1919.
15. Who was the first Governor General of India?
Warren Hastings.
5. SOCIAL & RELIGIOUS REFORMS
1) What are the preaching’s of Brahma Samaja?
• It opposed idol worship and polytheism
• It encouraged monotheism
• It advocated modern science and English education
• It opposed exploitation of women, practice of sati and child marriage
2) Analyse the call of Dayananda Saraswati to ‘Return to the Vedas’.
Aryasamaja was established by Dayananda Saraswati. He travelled throughout the Country giving lectures and emphasized that the Vedas were the source of trust and knowledge. In this context, he advised people to ‘Return to the Vedas’.
3) Analyze the objective of the Aligarh movement
Its main objective was to provide religious education along with western educations, and the create a modern society through western education. Sir Syed remained outside the National congress and brought the Muslim community together. He supported female literacy & condemned polygamy.
4) Explain the vision of Ramakrishna mission.
The main objective of this organization was to spread the message of equality of all religions and to put that into practice. Ramakrishna mission is continuing to narture culture through education and social service for achievement of salvation. The mingling of ancient, modern western thinkers was the vision of Ramakrishna mission.
5) ‘Swamy Vivekananda was a great inspiration to the youth’ Explain.
Swamy Vivekananda was a great evolutional monk, who opens eyes of Indian are to the importance of loving life. He stressed the significance of the individual, his presence and ability. He upheld the greatness of religions. He introduced India’s culture to the world. His life was a role model to the youth.
6) Which are the reforms brought about by Annie Besant?
• Annie Besant aroused pride in Indian culture through her lectures.
• She attempted to establish equality. Universal brotherhood and harmony in society.
• She gave full support to the freedom movement of India
• She started the ‘Home Rule Movements’
7) What are the main principles of Theosophical Society?
• To appreciate the truth in all religions.
• To promote a sense of equality and brotherhood among one and all
• Hinduism being the ancient thought, was to be popularized.
• Philosophy and practice of Hinduism were to be spread to all parts of the world.
6. THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE
1) How did the administrative and economic factor instigate the first war of Indian Independence?
The administrative and Economic factors majorly instigated on first war of Indian Independence
Administrative factors
• The British brought into force new civil and criminal laws, which were applicable to Indians only.
• English became the language of the courts.
• Most of the time the British Judges favored to the British
Economic Factors
• India was forced to became a supplier of raw material and a market for England’s cheap factory made goods.
• The English were deprived many people including zamindars and weavers of their land and poverty by introducing Doctrine of lapse.
• The Inam commission appointed by the Government, confiscated lands from rich landlords.
2) What were the factors that disturbed the religious sentiments of the soldiers during 1857 revolt?
• The reformers like abolition of sati, child marriage and encouragement of widow remarriage made Indians suspicious of the British.
• The Orthodox Hindu and Muslims felt that the younger generations were not playing any aspect to the elders were following the western life style.
• They thought the English wanted to bring in their culture in place of Indian culture.
• The introduction of network of telegraph and railway lines looked like efforts to chain the country and westernize it.
3) Make a list of the reasons for the failure of the revolt.
The first war of Indian independence was failed due to various reasons.
• The movement did not spread to the whole country.
• This struggle was intended to protect the interest of a few rather than getting freedom for the country
• Instead of being an organized struggle, it erupted due to certain unexpected reasons.
• There was no proper leadership
• Lack of strategy and expertisness among Indian soldiers.
4) List out the effects of the first war of Indian Independence.
• The freedom struggle put an end to the administration of the East Indian Company.
• The Queen of England took over administration
• The agreements made by the East India Company with the Kings were accepted
• Ambitious expansion plans had to be given up
• A stable government had to be provided to India.
• There would be equality under law
• Nationalism of Indians was kindled.
• Indians search for struggle through alternative
5) What were the features of the declaration of the British Queen in 1858?
In 1858, The Queen of England made an announcement. This declaration has been called India’s ‘Magna Carta’. The following features included it.
• The agreement made by the East India Company with the kings were accepted.
• Ambitious expansion plans had to be given up
• A stable government had to be provided to India
• There would be equality among law
• The government would not be interfere in religious matters of the country.
7. EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA
1) How did the news paper play a role in bringing new awareness in Indians?
The news paper played a very important role in the Indian National Movement. Their role in creating national awareness was tremendous. The newspapers were very critical of the Government and questioned the functioning of the government. The news paper reflected the thinking of the people. The news papers advocated a nationalistic attitude.
2) Developments in transport and communication led to the independence struggle. Discuss.
• The British developed transport and communication in India to promote self interest.
• Every nook and corner of the country was linked.
• The first railway line from Mumbai to Thane was laid in 1853.
• It helped the transportation of raw materials, finished goods and the army.
• It helped in the mass movements of people and goods bringing them closed and bringing about a national integrity among the Indias.
3) Bright out the features of the Rytwari system
• Rytwari system was introduced in Madras, Mumbai, Sindh, Bihar & Assam
• The farmers acquired rights to ownership of the land.
• They had to pay tax based on the area of the land.
• When the farmers failed to pay the tax, they lost the rights to the land.
• All disputes related to the land were to be settled in courts instead of at the village Panchayat.
4) How were Indians benefitted by the introduction of English Education?
• The English education created awareness about western thinking, practices and ideas.
• Aroused national sentiments in Indians.
• Enabled the Indians to analyze the short comings of their society and work for its reformation.
• Created leadership in Indian society.
• Influenced the growth of literature in Indian languages.
• English emerged as a common language of communication among the Indians.
5) What was the impact of British rule on India?
• The British introduced a uniform system of administration in the country.
• Indian industries were ruined resulting in unemployment and starvation
• Introduction of western education opened the gates of western knowledge and science.
• The British developed roads, railways, port and telegraph in the country bringing the people of different parts of India closer and developing a sense of unity among them.
• The introduction of news papers helped to create awareness among the people.
8 THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE
1) What were the demands put forward by the moderates to the British?
The first twenty years of the congress is called moderate age. The moderates trusted the British administration and their fairness. They placed their requests before the government within the constitutional framework. The demands related to development of industries, reduction of military expenditure, improvement in education, developing agriculture, more representation to Indians in government and civil services etc.
2) Explain the role of moderates in the freedom struggle/
The first phase of freedom struggle from 1885 to 1905 is known as the moderate period. The moderate leaders believed in constitutional methods and had faith in the fair sense of the British Government. The moderates taught people about the political situation. They conducted meeting discussed problem and placed before the Government various requests related to development of industries. Reduction of military expenses, improvement in educational standards, forcing in British Government to take up studies about poverty in the country etc. for the first time, the moderates critically analysed the ill-effects of the British rule in India. They placed before the people facts and figures about the drain of Indian wealth into England.
3) How did Dada Bhai Naoroji expose the economic exploitation of the Indian by the British?
Dadabhai Naoroji created an awakening in the minds of the people by explaining how the British rule alone was responsible for the poverty of India. He put forward the ‘Drain Theory’ to show how the British drained the country of its wealth. He maintained the encouraging imports and reducing exports created a situation unfavorable to India leading to drain of wealth. Further, India had to bear the burden of paying wages, pension and administrative expense of British officials. Due to this a lot of wealth was flowing into England.
4) Explain the role of Balgangadhar Tilak in the freedom struggle.
Balagangadhar Tilak was the foremost leader of the Extremists in the congress. He disliked the methods of the moderates. He believed the methods of the Extremists. He believed that submitting petitions and waiting for the British Government to fulfill those demands will be of no use. He wanted the people to force the Government through mass action. He declared “Swaraj is my birth right, I shall have it”. He used Ganesha and Shivaji festivals to organize the common people to instill the spirit of freedom in them. He also published ‘Kesari’ a news paper in Marathi and Maratha, an English news paper. Through these papers he called for active participation in the fight for freedom. He was imprisoned for his revolutionary activities and the articles he wrote.
5) Explain the role of revolutionaries in the freedom struggle.
The revolutionaries dreamt of the totally free India. They strongly believed that the British could be thrown out the India only by violent means. They started establishing secret organizations and had their branches in India and abroad. They collected money, brought weapons and trained their members in armed struggle. ‘Anusheelana Samithi’ & ‘Abhinav Bharat’ were important organizations of their kind. They used bombs and fire arms to achieve their objectives. Many of them were captured and imprisoned. Some of them were even hanged. But the goal of achieving freedom through armed struggle could not be realized the revolutionaries. However, they were a powerful source of inspiration for the national freedom movement. They inspired many Indians by their courage and the sacrifices they made.
6) Explain the contributions of Jawaharlal Nehru after becoming the prime minister.
• Nehru was the architect of industrialization of Modern India.
• Nehru tried to bring together all the princely states and merge them with Indian union along with sardar Vallaba bhai patel.
• Laid foundation for democracy by recognizing all states on the basis of language.
• Mixed economy was his contribution to India.
• He was the pioneer of five year plans.
• Non-alignment policy regarding foreign policy is his contribution
• Panchasheela principles to promote peace and harmony
7) What were the reasons for the failure of the Quite India Movement?
a) The government took repressive action against congress leaders.
b) Most of the congress leaders were arrested including Gandhiji.
c) The congress organization was banned and its offices were sealed.
d) As there was no leader to guide the movement, the people took law into their hand.
e) The movement did not remain peaceful.
f) The Muslim league did not support this movement
8) Give an account of the achievements of Subhash Chandra Bose in freedom struggle.
The most prominent among the revolutionary fighters of India was Subhash Chandra Bose
a) Subhash Chandra Bose travelled to Vienna, Berlin, Rome, Istanbul and other countries and inspired Indians there to support their motherland.
b) He played an important role in establishing the congress socialist party with Nehru in 1934.
c) He was elected as the president of the congress at the Haripura Session.
d) Though being a follower of Gandhiji he was also a critic of Gandhiji principles.
e) In 1938 Subhash Chandra Bose got elected as the president of congress in spite of the opposition from Gandhiji.
f) Subhash Chandra Bose Joined hands with Ras Bihari Bose who had organized Indian to fight against British.
g) He gave the call ‘Delhi Chalo’ & urged the Indians “Give me Blood, I Will give you freedom”.
h) By 1944, the INA Army entered the Indian Sub-Continent and occupied Kohima & Imphal.
i) INA Captured 10,000 Sq miles of Manipur territory after a battle with British.
j) It was the first Indian Region liberated & it was an exciting achievement of INA. Thus Subhash Chandra Bose role is unforgettable.
9. Describe the tribal revolt in the Indian Freedom Struggle.
The tax and Forest Act implemented by the British East India Company provoked the tribal revolt. The Santala Revolt, the Munda Movement & Halagali Hunters in Karnataka are noteworthy.
The Santal tribal revolt can be termed India’s first movement. These tribal linked in Bengal and Orissa hillocks the permanent land system enforced by the British, resulted in the tribal becoming destitute and were exploited by the landlords, money lenders and company enraged by this the santala agitated and looted. The landlords and prominent citizens. The rioters killed their army. The Govt. used to control the revolt and was successful. The revolt ended, but it sent its voices to many similar protesters later.
Points to remember
The Indian National Congress was established in the year -1885.
The person who talked about the ‘wealth drain’ was – Dadabhai Naorji.
“Swaraj is my birth right, I will get it” was declared by- Balagangadhar Tilak.
The Ali brother started the movement – Khilafat movement.
Separate nation for Muslims was proposed by – Mohammed Ali Jinnah.
The Lahore session of the Indian National Congress that took place in 1929 was presided by- Jawaharlal Nehru.
The person who started “Mahad” and Kalaram Temle movement was – B R Ambedkar
The Jhansi regiment of INA was headed by captain Lakshmi.
Founder of the Indian National Congress was – A.O-Hume.
The publisher of the Maratha paper was- Balagangadhar Tilak.
Sawarkar party was established in the year -1922.
The president of Indian National congress at Haripur session was – Subhash Chandra Bose.
The Iron man of India – Sardar Vallababhai Patel
Lord Lytton brought Domestic papers control Act in 1878.
The first twenty years of the beginning of congress it called as – Moderate Age
Subhas Chandr Bose was kept under house arrest in – Calcutta
Gandhiji wrote about his principles in the news paper – Hind Swaraj
The Indian National congress had its first session at – Mumbai
The historic Dandi march started from Sabaramati Asharm
The untouchables were called Harijanas by Gandhi.
9. INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE
1) How did the country deal with the problems of Refugees?
a) The government of India provided shelter, employment, lands, education, health care and conducive environment to the refugees.
b) They were rehabilitated in the various states of India.
c) People from Pakistan were settled in Orissa under the Dandakaranya project
d) The Chakmar from Bangladesh migrated to Tripura state.
e) Sreelankan refugees were rehabilitated in the three Southern states.
f) The Tibatian refugees in 1954 have been settled in 10 states of India.
2) How was Goa liberated from Portuguese?
Goa was under the imperialist rule of Portuguese to be handed over to India. But the Portuguese brought in additional troops from Africa and Europe. They tried to suppress the liberation movement in Goa in 1955. Satyagrahis from different parts of India gathered in Goa and began liberation movement demanding the imperialists to quit Goa. In 1961, the Indian Army intervened and took Goa under its control, Goa remained a Union territory till 1987, became a state later on.
3) Explain the role of Sardar patel in Integration of Provinces.
When the British left India, there were 562 provinces. The Government of India invited all the provinces to join the union. There who joined were given a privy purse based on the income of the province. During the process of integration, Junagadh, Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir offered stiff resistance. After the king of Janagadh, who wanted to merge with Pakistan, fled from the kingdom as a result of people protests the Indian army occupied Janagadh and merged it with India. The king of Jammu and Kashmir wanted to be independent but Pakistan incited the tribal’s in an attempt to force the king to merge with Pakistan on a request from the king, the Indian Government Merged Jammu and Kashmir with India. In the case of Hyderabad, force was used to make the Nizam accede to India for resolving all these problems
Points to Remember
• The last Governor General of British India was Lord Mountbatten
• The firms home minister of Independent India was Sardar Vallababai Patel
• A temporary Government was formed on 15th Aug 1947
• The Indian constitution was adopted on 26th Jan 1950
• 42nd Amendment added - secularism and socialist
• The forgien policy of India is - Non Alignment policy
• The King of Jammu and Kashmir was - Harising
• Pondicherry joined India as a union territory in – 1963
• The linguistic reorganization of India took place in – 1956
• The chairman of Re-Organization committee was – Fazal Ali
10. THE POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF 20TH CENTURY
1) Explain the immediate cause for world war I.
The first world war took place between 28th July 1914 to 11th November 1918. The immediate reason for the world war I was the Assassination of the Austrian prince, Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand on 28th July 1914. This incident created a rift between the two countries immediately.
2) What were the results of the First World War?
• In 1919, the Alliance signed a humiliating Versailles treaty.
• Austria- Hungary and Ottoman Kingdoms lost their identity.
• German lost most of its area
• Many small independent Nations came into being
• The League of Nations was established.
3) What were the causes for World War II?
• The imperialist and expansionist attitude of Germany, Japan and Italy.
• Failure of the league of Nation to control the aggressive policies of dictators
• The entry of Germany and Russia into secret alliance
4) What is meant by cold war?
The undeclared war between the group of socialist countries along with USSR and the USA is called cold war.
After the Second World War, the state of constant fear, hatred, jealousy and anxiety in political, economic, military and other affairs between the Global power is called cold war.
5) Explain how America overcome its economic depression?
Franklin D. Roosevelt became the president of U.S.A. He introduced the economic reform called “The New Deal”. According to this policy industries reduced the number of working hours and increased the pay for workers compensation was paid to the employers. Within a decade, the U.S.A. once again became an economic power.
6) Why did Russia withdraw from the First World War?
The Socialist revolution of November 1917 prompted Russia to arrive at a ceasefire agreement with Germany and it withdrew from the war.
7) What was the results of Versailles treaty?
Austria – Hungary and the ottoman Kingdoms lost their identity. Germany lost most of its area. The map of Europe changed drastically, many new independent Nations arose and the League of Nations was established.
8) What led the growth of dictatorship in Germany?
Unemployment, poverty and slum development led to widespread dissatisfaction in Germany. This was exploited by German industrialists for their own profit. This atmosphere enabled the growth of dictatorship in Germany.
Answer the following questions in a word or sentence each.
1. What inspired the Russian to revolt against the Czars?
The defeat of Russia by a small country like Japan in 1905, inspired the Russians to rise in rebellion against the Czars.
2. What is Holocaust?
The mass massacre of Jews in gas chambers and mass shootings was called Holocaust.
3. Who introduced five years plans in Russia?
Stalin was the responsible for the introduction of Five years plan in Russia.
4. What was the slogan of October Revolution?
‘Peace, food and Land’ was the slogan of the October Revolution.
5. What are ‘Glasnost and Perestroika’?
These are the reforms introduced by the Gorbachev the president of Russia.
6. What was the ‘Leap Forward Project’?
Conversion of private property as public property along with the introduction of collective farming is called leap forward project.
7. What was the Cultural Revolution?
In 1966, a movement took place in the China is called Cultural Revolution. It destroyed the thousands of Buddhist temples and killed thousands of believers.
9) Who organized the long march?
The Long march was organized by Mao Tse Tung.
10) Name the countries which formed the triple Alliance
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy
11) Name the countries which formed the triple entente
• Britain
• France
• Russia
12) What is mean by Nuremberg Laws?
These were rules of Hitler enacted in the year of 1934.
13) Who were ‘Goebels’?
Goebels were the special ministers of the Hitler appointed to spread racial hatred.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. PROBLEMS OF INDIA AND REMEDIES
1) What are the Measures taken to spread literacy?
a) Sarvashiksha Abhiyana has been launched in 2001 to provide education.
b) In 1988 National Literacy mission has also been established to make people literate.
c) Literate India programme has been launched.
d) Right to Education 2009 has been guarantees.
e) Compulsory and free education for children aged between 6 to 14 years.
2) What are the plans to eradicate poverty in India.
a) BPL cards are issued to the poor families.
b) Five years plans introduced to eradicate poverty.
c) Jawahar Rojgar Yojana Introduced.
d) MGREGP Introduced.
3) What is meant by Smuggling? Write any two suggestions to control it.
Bringing commodities from foreign countries without paying any duties is called smuggling. Two suggestions to control it are
a) By encouraging import substitutions.
b) Social boycott of smuggling goods.
c) Awareness among the citizens that smuggling is an anti-national crime.
4) ‘Regionalism is against national development’. How?
Extreme regionalism, if it allowed to grow, it cause serious conflicts among the states like inter-state border disputes, river water disputes etc. This can act against the unity of the country.
5) What progress has been achieved in the field of literacy after independence?
At the time of independence the literacy rate in India was 12%. It increased to 66% in 2001, By the 2011 it has increased about 74.04%.
6) What are the causes for profiteering?
a) Unchecked price rise. b) Increase in profit margin of products.
c) Monopoly of business houses. d) Spread of multinational companies
e) Black Marketing.
7) How does regionalism help in the development of the country?
It helps the people to take initiative for the all-round progress of the local areas.
8) Name the offices created to control corruption.
The office of Lokpal and Lokayakta are created to control corruption.
9) Who were the first women to be appointed as the Governor of a state?
Sarojini Naidu.
10) What percent of seats are reserved for women in local governments?
33.3% reserved for women in local Government.
11) Under which article the Right to Education is given as fundamental right.
It was given under the article of 21A
Points to Remember
• The success of democracy depends on the education of the people.
• Divide and Rule policy of the British Government has sown the seeds of modern communalism.
• Intolerance towards the people of other faith is called communalism.
• The Act that prevents smuggling is COFEPOSA.
• The central Education Department is now called as the Ministry of Human Resources Development
02. FOREIGN POLICY OF INDIA.
1. What are the objectives of Indian foreign Policy?
The Objectives of foreign policy of India are
a) National security.
b) National Economic progress.
c) Spreading Indian Culture and Values in abroad.
d) Increasing the number of friendly nations.
e) Achieving world peace.
f) Promoting peaceful co-existence.
2. What are the principles of panchasheela?
a) Mutual respect for national integrity and sovereignty.
b) Mutual non-aggression.
c) Mutual non-interference in each others internal affairs.
d) Mutual assistance and equality.
e) Peaceful Co-existence.
3. How is foreign policy helpful for national progress?
a) Foreign policy upholds international peace and co-existence.
b) It considers public values of mutual respects.
c) They help in Bi-lateral trade and commerce among the nations.
d) It helps in economic progress and development.
e) It provides peace and prosperity.
f) Political and social development possible along with economic development.
Thus foreign policy is helpful for national progress.
4. What are the fundamental factors of India’s foreign policy?
The fundamental factors of our foreign policy are
a) Panchasheela Principles.
b) Non-Alignment policy.
c) Against Colonialism.
d) Against racial discrimination
e) Disarmament.
5. Why is India championing the cause of disarmament as very important for the present day world?
There is a fear among many nations that the third world war may take place because of arms race. There is every possibility that the nations may use nuclear weapons. So as a peace loving nation India Champions the cause of qualitative and quantitative disarmament. Right from the time of Nehru, as the Prime minister, India argued for disarmament to maintain peaceful Co-operation. India upholds the policy of world peace and mutual co-existence.
3. INDIA’S RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER COUNTRIES
1) What are the reasons for tension between India and Pakistan?
a) The tension and rivalry with India has not allowed Pakistan to maintain good relations.
b) Military dictatorships and political instability is one of the reasons.
c) Indo-pak wars in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and in 1999
d) Kashmir problem and terrorist activities are the major issues which are to be solved.
e) Border problems.
2) Why relationship between India and China has been strained in these days?
a) Construction and Co-operative principles are not bringing good results between two countries.
b) China invaded India in 1962 and had occupied a large area in Arunachal Pradesh
c) Maoists terrorism in the form of Naxalism in India also casting a shadow on our mutual relationship.
d) Border problems.
e) Nucler threat
f) Foreign trade and Challenges.
3) Explain India’s Relationship with Russia.
India maintains good relationship with Russia.
a) Russia supported India in the Liberation of Goa in 1961.
b) Taskhant agreement was signed by India and Pakistan with Russia as mediator.
c) Twenty years treaty in 1971 with an objective of peace, friendship and Co-operation.
d) Russia assisted India to have steel plant at Bhilai and Bokaro.
e) Russia is supporting India to be a permanent member in the security council of U.N.O.
1) What was Bangladesh formerly known as?
The Bangladesh was earlier known as East Pakistan.
2) Which country helped Bangladesh to secure independence?
India
3) How many major wars fought between India and Pakistan?
Four
4) Which was the first country to recognize communist chain in 1949?
India.
5) What is meant by LTTE?
It was the military organization formed by the Tamils of Sri lanka.
6) Which country helped India to fight the 1962 invasion of China?
The United States of America.
7) What is the major irritant in cordial Indo-U.S. Relations?
The military Co-operation between United States and Pakistan is a major irritant in cordial Indo-US relations.
8) Which of the India’s state is claiming by the china as it’s?
Arunachal Pradesh.
4. WORLD PROBLEMS AND INDIA’S ROLE
1. Arms race will lead to destruction of the world. Explain.
The race for armaments leads to evil destruction like fear, insecurity and tension in the world. The increased production and stockpiling of weapons can push the world to the brink of another major war.
2. Which are the major initiatives and treaties to check the nuclear arms race?
a) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)
b) Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT)
c) The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
d) The Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT)
3. What is meant by ‘Third world’?
Normally the most advanced countries are considered as the first world and the comparatively least advanced communist countries as the ‘Second World’. The under developed, economically backward poor countries of the world are often referred as the third world countries.
4. What is meant by the phrase ‘White-Man’s burden’?
After the Geographical exploration, the Europeans started building vast empires in Asia and Africa. The people of these areas were mainly brown, black or yellow. The whites of Europe considered these people of Asia and Africa as inferior and uncivilized. They considered it their duty to civilize these people. This is termed the white-man’s burden to civilize the world.
5. How were South Africa and Rhodesia forced to give up the policy of racism by India?
In order to force south Africa and Rhodesia forced to give up the policy of racism, the Government of India refused to recognize these nations and forced the united nations to impose sanction on them.
6. What are the causes of terrorism?
Terrorism is often fuelled by religious fundamentalism, Separatist ideology, leftist thoughts liberation motives and racialism.
5. THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATIONS
• The united Nation was established in 1945.
• The Headquarter of UN is located at New York.
• The Executive organ of the U.N. which functions like a world parliament is General Assembly.
• The Judges of the International Court of Justice appointed for a term of – Nine Years.
• The Court of International Justice is situated at – The Hague.
• The present secretary General of U.N. is Ban-Ki-moon.
• The WHO started in the year-1948.
• The SAARC was started in the year-1985
• The European union is the successor to European Economic Community.
• The European Union came into being by the treaty signed in 1992 by the European nations at – Mastricht.
• The symbolic head of the common wealth of Nations is the – British Crown.
• The WTO was established in – 1995.
• The Headquarters of the WTO is located in Geneva of Switzerland.
• The International Labour organization (ILO) has its head quarters at Geneva in Switzerland.
• The financial institution set up after the Second World War for economic revivals was – world Bank.
• The UNICEF Received the prize of Noble in 1965.
• The term United Nations was coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt.
• The Chief Administrative officer of the U.N.O. is – The secretary General.
• WHO has been successful in eradicating – Small pox from the world.
• The headquarters of the SAARC is at – Katmandu
• The Organisation for African unity was formed in 1963.
• The OAU is fighting against – Neo – Colonialism.
• The Agency of the U.N.O. also called as the world Bank is – IBRD.
• The Court of International Justices consist-15
• The common currency used by the European union countries is – Euro.
SOCILOGY
1. SOCIAL STRATIFICATIONS
2. What are the constitutional and legal measures undertaken to eradicate untouchability? Explain.
a) Section 17 of the constitution prohibits the practice of untouchability.
b) The untouchability crime Act was implemented in 1955.
c) The citizen rights protection act according to this, the practice of untouchability is a punishable offence.
d) The citizen’s right protection act was passed in 1976.
e) Universal suffrage and right to equality have been guaranteed to all the citizens.
f) Reservation is given in all the sectors for backward castes.
g) The regulation of 1989 insists state Government to eradicate untouchability.
3. ‘Practice of untouchability is a social evil’. How?
The Indian population is divided into thousands of castes and communities. Among these some are considered upper and other are lower. The lower among the lower castes are scheduled castes and they were subjected to the stigma of Hindu Society. Because of untouchability the lower caste have been denied religious, social and economic rights. This has resulted in their backwardness and poverty. Untouchability violates the principles of equality and humanism. Therefore it is a social evil.
4. What are your suggestions to stop the social evil of untouchability?
a) Educating the people of the country to build awareness about it.
b) Helping the people to shun the social evil practice.
c) Equality should be practiced not just in words but also in action.
d) Welfare and developmental programmes should include all state of society equally.
e) The work and thoughts of social Reformers should be continued.
Points to remembers
• The untouchability offence Act was enacted in – 1955.
• The Article of the constitution declares untouchability is a punishable offence is – 17.
• “Truly, the whole mankind is one” was declared by – Pampa.
• According to Gandhiji untouchability is a stigma on – Hindu Society.
• The protection of civil Rights Act was enacted in the year – 1976.
• Social stratification in India based on – castes
• The development of Social Inequality leads to – Social conflicts.
2. WORK AND ECONOMIC LIFE
1. What are the measures for removal of the unemployment?
The measures taken to remove unemployment are
a) Control of population.
b) Encouragement to cottage industries.
c) Agricultural and Industrial development.
d) Educational reforms.
e) Introduction of five years plans.
f) Encouragement to the Vocational education
g) Encouragement to the advanced science and technology in creation of job.
2. What are the differences between organized and unorganized workers.
Sl. No Organized Workers Unorganized Workers
a Those who work in specific field Those who do not work in specific field.
b Governed by legal rules and regulations Not governed by any rules and regulation
c Every employees work or subject to specific terms and conditions Workers are not subjected to any terms and conditions
d Specific hours for work No specific hours for work
e Job security is given No job security given
f Get more facilities Do not get more facilities
3. Explain the nature of the discrimination at work.
Discrimination at work can be seen on gender, age and ability.
a) Gender : Men are offered better jobs and pays. Women get lesser responsibilities and lesser pay though they do the same kind of work like men.
b) Age : There is inequality employment of wages.
c) Ability : People who have training are specialized and given higher posts, where as people who have no training but still do the same work as the trained personnel.
These kind of discrimination is found in the agriculture and industrial sector.
3. COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR AND PROTESTS
1) What is mob? Give example.
Assemble of people around a common interest without any expectation or planning is called mob.
Ex : A gathering of people to watch a street acrobatic show.
2) Describe the nature /features of a mob.
Mob is a temporary assembly of people around a common interest without any expectation of planning.
a) People assemble at a specific place.
b) Members of a mob are influenced very early by mutual feelings, opinions and acts.
c) There is a possibility of display of suppressed feelings.
d) Some time it leads violent form.
3) Describe the nature of riots.
Riots are examples of collective behavior. Those who involved in riots go on destroying everything in their way. Creation of chaos is the intention of rioters. People involved in a riot do not have any particular aim or cause for the destruction they cause. Riots generally take place in cities and towns.
4) Explain environment.
Environment comprises the earth, air, water and the biosphere around us. All forces that influence and situation that affect the life of an organism can be called environment. Environment is a strong force which influence and control the life of an organism.
5) What was the purposes of the Appiko Movement? Where was it organized?
The purpose of the Appiko Movement was to stop smuggling of trees from the Kalase forest and develop awareness among the common people about the importance of growing trees and importance of protecting the environment.
It was organized by the villagers of salkani in Uttar Kannada district.
6) Who led the Narmada movement? What was the objective of this movement?
Narmada Bachao movement was led by the medha patkar and Baba Amte. This movement aimed at stopping the construction of Sardar Sarovar dam across the river Narmada in Gujarat.
7) Why did the silent valley movement take place?
The environment and many animal species came under threat when a dam was planned to be constructed in the silent valley in Palghat district of Kerala. In order to stop construction, the Kerala Sahitya Parishad and wildlife enthusiasts agitated against it.
4. SOCIAL PROBLEMS
1. What is child labour?
The labour undertaken by minor children aged below 14 years in order to earn money is called child labour.
2. What is dowry?
Any kind of property, Jewellery or gift given to the bridegroom at the time of marriage, either before or after the marriage, by the parents of the bride is called dowry.
3. What is meant by female infanticide?
The inhuman practice of killing the female baby after its born is called female infanticide.
4. What is meant by female foeticide?
Female foeticide is the act of killing a foetues because of it is female.
5. What is the gender ratio as per the 2011 census?
As per the 2011 Census, there are 940 women for every 1000 men in India.
6. When was child labour and prohibition Act enacted?
It was enacted in the year 1986.
7. When was Dowry prohibition Act enacted?
It was enacted in the year 1961.
8. When was the Dowry prohibition Act amended?
It was amended in the year 1986.
9. When was National policy for the welfare of child labours brought?
It was brought in – 1987.
10. What is the major cause of female foeticide in India?
The desire for a male child is leading to female feticide in India.
GEOGRAPHY
1. INDIA OUR MOTHERLAND
Points to remember
The name India is derived from the river Indus.
The Total area of India is 32,87,263 Sq.Km
The 23 ½ o N Latitude passes through the Central part of India
The Country that lies to the south of India is Sri Lanka
India has a Coastline of 6100 km.
The Boundary line between India & China is called – Mc Mohan Line
The Boundary line between India & Pakistan is called – Rad Cliff Line
India Point is located in The great Nicobar islands.
The southern Tip of India is Kanyakumari.
NCT Means – National Capital Territory.
The neighboring Countries of India are :-
In North: 1. China 2. Nepal 3. Bhutan
In North-West: 1. Pakistan 2. Afghanistan.
In East: 1. Myanmar 2. Bangladesh
In South : 1. Sri Lanka
In South-West: 1. Maldives.
2. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA
1. What is the importance of Himalayas? Or
Describe the advantages of Himalayas?
The advantages/importance of Himalayas are
a. They provide protection to India by obstructing the cold winds from the northern parts of India.
b. They are the birth place of many rivers.
c. They facilitate Hydro – Electric power generation.
d. They are home to many divers’ plant and animal species.
e. They are a great treasure house of important minerals.
f. They attract tourists.
2. Write a short note on Shivalik range.
The Shivaliks are the most recent formation and are located in the southern part. They have lesser height and they are also called as the foot hills of Himalayas. These hills have narrow strips of plains or valleys which are called Doons. They are about 600-1500 meters above the sea level.
3. Why the northern plains are called as the depositional plains?
The northern plains are formed by the deposition of alluvial soils brought down by rivers which rise in Himalayas. So they are called as depositional plains.
4. Why the peninsular plateau has economic significance?
The peninsular plateau has economic significance. The reason for this is that it has rich deposition of minerals. As the rivers have man waterfalls, they are best suited for the production of hydro-electricity. The land of peninsular plateau is flat and fertile.
5. Describe the northern great plains.
a) The great plains of north are also called the ‘Sutlej Ganga plains’.
b) They are found between the Himalayan Mountain & peninsular plateau.
c) These plains stretch from the banks of the river Indus in the west to Brahmaputra Valleys in the East.
d) The East west of these plains are 2400 kms.
e) The widths of these plains are 70-500 kms.
f) These are formed by the alluvial soil deposited by the rivers.
6. Write a short note about the Islands of India.
There are totally 247 Islands belonging to India. of then, 204 are in the Bay of Bengal and 43 are in the Arabian sea. In the Gulf of Mannar there are coral Islands. The Andaman and Nicobar in the Bay of Bengal are formed by hard volcanic rocks. Lakshadweep Islands are coral Islands.
3. INDIAN MONSOON SEASONS & THEIR FATURES
1) The word monsoon derived from the Arabic word of ___________
a) Ponma b) Mausam c) Podu d) Ruthu
2) In India, Ganganagar in Rajasthan has recorded the maximum temperature of
a) 20oc b) 40oc c) 54oc d) 52oc
3) In the Northern plains of India, as were move from east to west, the rainfall goes on
a) Increasing b) decreasing c) changing d) without Change
4) During the season of retreating monsoons south India gets rain due to
a) North-east monsoon b) Cyclone
c) anti-cyclone d) convection winds
5) The lowest annual rainfall in India is recorded at ___________ in Rajasthan.
a) Kutch b) Baramer c) Royli d) Bujh
6) The Monsoon winds begin the retreat after mid-October because
a) The temperature increases & pressure decreases
b) The temperature decreases & pressure increases
c) Only A is correct
d) A and B both are correct
7) During October, the temperature starts dropping in the Northern Hemisphere because
a) The Sun ray’s fall vertically on the southern Hemisphere
b) The Sun rays fall obliquely on the Southern Hemisphere
c) The Sun rays fall vertically on the equator.
d) The sun rays fall vertically on the Northern Hemisphere.
8) The Summer rains in Bengal are called
a) Coffee Blossoms b) Kal-baisakhi c) Mango Showers d) Andhi
9) The eastern part of western Ghats is called
a) rain shadow b) desert c) rain excess d) Flood area
10) The pre-monsoon rains occur in _____ & _____ in Kerala.
a) March and April b) June to July c) April to May d) November to December
11) The Indian agriculture is said to be a gamble with
a) Farmer b) Climate c) weather d) monsoon
4. SOILS OF INDIA
1) What is soil erosion? What are its effects?
Transportation of surface soil by various natural forces is called soil erosion.
Effects of soil erosion
a) It leads to the accumulation of silt in the river beds and floods.
b) The rivers change their direction due to accumulation of silt.
c) The storage capacity of dams get reduces.
d) The volume of water percolating gets down
2) What are the causes for soil erosion?
a) Destruction of forests. b) Over grazing
c) Unscientific methods of cultivation d) Over irrigation
3) What is meant by Soil conservation? List out its methods
Prevention of soil erosion and protecting the fertility of the soil is known as conservation of soil.
a) Contour floughing
b) Construction of bunds around the agricultural land
c) Development of terraced agricultural filed
d) Prevention of deforestation and encouragement of afforestation
e) Control of live stock grazing
f) Planned use of water
4) How is laterite soil formed? Why does it look red in color?
The laterite soil is formed due to heavy rainfall and high temperature.
It looks red in color because of excessive rainfall; the minerals of the soils get washed of leaving behind ferric axide and aluminum in the surface.
5) What are the characteristics of mountain soil?
a) It has more decayed biomass.
b) It formed in the mountain flows down with rain to the plains below.
c) It is very rich in nitrogen and organic residues.
d) It is suitable for the growth of coffee, tea and spices.
6) What are the features of laterite soil?
a) Laterite soil is normally formed in areas gets more than 200 cms rainfall.
b) It is rich in ferric and aluminum.
c) It is less fertile
d) It lacks in Nitrogen and minerals.
7) What are the features of black soil?
a) Black soil is formed from the weathering of Igneous rock.
b) It contains more of clay particles.
c) It is fertile and capable of retaining water
d) It is more of lime and magnesium carbonates
5. FORESTS OF INDIA
1) Differentiate between monsoon forest and mangrove forests.
Monsoon forest are seen in the areas receiving 75 to 250 cms of rainfall. It is most widely distributed type of forest in India covering about 65.5% of total area under forests.
Mangrove forests are seen in areas along the deltas and coastal regions and estuaries of rivers that are subjected to tides. These forest are formed due to tides.
2) What are the mangrove forest of Ganga delta? Why does they call so?
The mangrove forest of the Gangetic delta are called Sunder bans. Because of the Sundari trees which are founds in plenty.
3) What are the features of desert vegetation? Where are they found in India?
The plants in the desert vegetation are deep rooted and consists mainly of thorny shrubs. This type of vegetation is found in areas getting less than 50cms of rainfall.
4) Describe the features of the Himalayan Alpine forest.
The Himalayan mountain region has various types of forests. As the height increases, the vegetation too changes. One of the most important features of the Alpine vegetation is that these plants have pointed leaves.
5) What do you mean conservation of forests? Explain its significance.
Protection of forests from human beings, animals and natural disasters is called conservation of forests.
Forests in India are gradually Shrinking due to expansion of agriculture, cattle grazing, construction of roads & rail routes, construction of irrigation projects, forest fires mining etc….Hence conservation of forests is needed.
6) What are the methods of conservation of forests? Methods of conservation of forests are
1) Clearing dried-up trees which can cause forest fire
2) Protecting the forest trees against diseases.
3) Planting saplings or sowing seeds.
4) Guarding against illegal cutting of trees.
5) Regulating grazing of domestic animals in forest.
7) What are significance of forests?
a) They provide raw materials to industries.
b) They provide fodder to the animals
c) They prevent soil erosion
d) They provide moisture and reduce temperature
e) They are home of many wild life
f) They attracts tourists
6. WATER RESOURCES
1) Damodar rivers is called, Sorrow of West Bengal.
2) Kosi river is called Sorrow of Bihar
3) Biggest irrigation project of Karnataka is Upper Krishna river project.
4) Hydro-electric project is constructed at Shivana Samudra on the river Cauvery.
5) Hirakund project is built across the River Mahanadi .
6) The other name of Bhakranangal project is GovindaSagar.
7) The other name of Tungabhadra project is Pampasangara.
8) The longest multi river valley project of India is Hirakud project.
9) River Mahanadi is called the sorrow of Orissa.
10) The highest multy river valley project of India is Bhakra Nangal project
11) The largest multy purpose river valley project of India is Nagarjun Sagara project
12) The Hydro-electricity forms 13.9 percent of the total power generated in the country.
13) Bhakra and Nangal dams are built across the river Sutlej
14) The country having the largest area under irrigation in the world is India.
15) To supply power from surplus states to deficit states National Power Grid (NPG) is established.
Sl. No Projects Built across the river Joint venture of Main aim Other name/Reservoirs States Benefited
1 Damodar river valley project Damodar Bihar, west Bengal Prevent floods Sorrow of Bengal Jharkhand West Bengal
2 Bhakra nangal project Sutlej at Bhakra and Nangal Punjab, Haryana Rajasthan Provide irrigation and hydro-electric power Govida Sagar Himachal Pradesh, Delhi
3 Kosi Kosi at Hanuman Nagar India- Nepal Prevent floods Sorrow of Bihar Bihar, Nepal
4 Hirakud Mahanadi Orissa Irrigation and hydro electric power Sorrow of Orissa Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh
5 Tungabhadra Tungabhadra, near Hospet Karnataka AP Irrigation and hydro electric power Pampa Sagara Karnataka, AP
6 Nagarjun Sagar project Krishna, Andra Pradesh Andra Pradesh Irrigation and hydro electric power Indira Sagara AP
7 Upper Krishna project Krishna near alamatti Karnataka Irrigation and hydro electric power Naraynapura
Basavasagara Karnataka
8 Narmada river valley project Narmada Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh Irrigation and hydro electric power ------- North Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Some part of Maharashtra
7. LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE
1) What is Kharif crop?
The crops grown during the season of south west monsoon is called Kharif crop.
2) What is meant by Rabi crop?
The crops grown during the season of winter is called Kharif crops.
3) What is meant by commercial farming?
Growing crops mainly for sale is called commercial crops.
4) What is meant by flori culture?
Growing flower for commercial purposes is called Floriculture.
5) What is Jade farming?
The crops grown during the period between Kharif and rabi is called Jade farming
6) Which state is known as the ‘Granary of wheat?’
Punjab is known as the Granary of wheat.
7) What is the temperature required for the cultivation of cotton?
20-25oc
8) What amount of annual rainfall is required for paddy cultivation?
100-200 cm of annual rainfall.
9) What is meant by Golden Revolution?
The rapid progress in the field of horticulture is known as golden revolution
10) What position does India hold in the cultivation of cotton?
• It ranks second in the production of cotton
Points to remember
• Utilizing land for a variety of purposes is known as land use
• Growing two or three different crops on the same land in a year is called intensive farming.
• The major commercial crops of India are cotton, Tobacco, sugarcane.
• The largest producer of paddy is in India – west Bengal.
• Nippani is popular for the production of tobacco in Karnataka.
• Tea grow well at an altitude of 1200 to 2400 mtr
• India has three cropping seasons.
• The Rabi crops are sown in the months of October – November
Sl. No Crop Soil Rainfall Temperature Areas grown
1 Paddy (Kharif) Fertile alluvial soil, clayey soil 100-200cms 25oc West Bengal, UP, MP, Bihar, AP, Karnataka, TL
2 Wheat (Rabi) Sand mixed clayey black soil 50-70cms 10oc- 15oc UP, Punjab, Haryana, MP, Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat, North Karnataka
3 Sugarcane (Commercial) Fertile mixed with black soil 100-150cms 21oc- 26oc UP, Maharastra, TL, AP, Karnataka, Gujarat
4 Tobacco (Rabi) Sandy soil 50cms 21oc- 27oc AP, Gujarat, Karnataka, Bihar, TN, UP, Maharashtra
5 Cotton (Fiber, Kharif) Black soil, Loamy soil 75-150cms 20oc- 25oc Maharashtra, Gujarat, AP, Haryana, Karnataka, MP
6 Tea Beverage Fertile soil with rich organic matter 100-200cms 21oc Assam, West Bengal Kerala, TN
8. MINERAL & POWER RESOURCES.
1) What is meant by minerals?
A compound of a naturally available substances with specific chemical composition is called mineral.
2) Which state has the largest Iron ore in India?
Jharkhand has a largest Iron ore depositor.
3) Which metal is extracted from Bauxite?
Aluminum is extracted from bauxite.
4) Which mineral is called the ‘Black Diamond’?
Coal is called Black Diamond
5) Which metal is called ‘liquid Gold’?
Petroleum is called liquid Gold.
6) What is the use of Beryllium?
Beryllium oxide is used as a catalyst or moderator in nuclear reactors producing nuclear energy.
7) Where is thorium found in India?
Thorium is found in Kerala, Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan
8) What is meant by Global warming?
The considerable increase in temperature due to the green house effect in atmosphere is called Global warming.
9) Where did petroleum discover first in India?
At Digboi in Assam petroleum first discover in India.
10) Why does manganese call Ferro-alloy?
Because it is smelted with iron ore to get the steel
11) Why does petroleum call Liquid Gold?
Because, it is used in all economic activities.
12) Which is the largest produced of Gold in India?
Hatti Gold mines at Raichur in Karnataka.
9. TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF INDIA
1) How are the roads useful in economic development of India [Advantages]
a) Transport provides goods and services from the place of production to the place of demand.
b) Movement of agricultural produce by farmers to the market is possible only by roadways
c) Essential commodities are transported with the help of roads.
d) The role of road transport in the economic development of our contry is significant.
e) Roads are feeders to the railways.
f) Roads are essential for the developments of industries.
g) Roads are convenient for short distance.
2) Mention the problems of Road transport.
a) Many villages and districts roads become unfit for transportation in rainy season.
b) Road transport is cause of environmental pollution.
c) Road transport causes to increases the density of vehicles and accidents.
d) Roads are subjected to severe wear and tear due to rain, floods and cyclones every year.
e) Construction and management of roads are not satisfactory.
f) The severe deficiency of the basic need along the roadside is seen all over the country.
3) What are the four types of major roads? Explain briefly
1) National Highways.
2) State Highways.
3) District roads.
4) Village roads.
1. National Highways: These are the important roads, they connect the capitals of states and the ports. The central Government is responsible for the construction and maintains of these roads.
2. State Highways: The state Government constructs and maintains these roads.
3. District Roads: These roads connect the Taluk head quarters with the state and National High ways.
4. Village roads: They are interior roads and connect villages with other roads.
4) Make a list of major ports in India.
Major ports of India
1) Kandla: It is in the Gulf of Kachchh.
2) Mumbai: It is called the ‘Gate way of India’
3) Marmagoa: It is located at the entrance of Zuari estuary in Goa.
4) New Mangalore port: Most important port of Karnataka.
5) Kochi: It is a commercial port located in Kerala.
6) Tuticorin: It is located in Tamil Nadu.
7) Chennai: It is the oldest port of India.
8) Vishakhapatnam: It is natural port which located in Andra Pradesh.
9) Paradeep: It is recently developed port located in Odisha.
10) Kolkata: It is a natural harbor. This port is called “Tea Port of India”.
11) Haldia: It is newly developed port on the coast of Bay of Bengal.
10. MAJOR INDUSTRIES OF INDIA
1) What are the factors that influence the location the industry?
a) Availability of raw materials.
b) Availability of power resources.
c) Transport and communication facilities
d) Availability of labor
e) Water resource
f) Marketing facilities.
g) Government policies
2) What are the effects of biotechnology on agriculture?
The development in Biotechnology has started revolution in agriculture. Through the procedure of grafting in plants and animals and by the use of new seeds, medicines, fertilizers, organic fertilizers, hybrid seeds, soya beans, maize, cotton etc have been developed. In recent times, plant biotechnology, environmental biodiversity and medical bio technology are also being used.
3) Explain the distribution of cotton textile industries in India.
• Cotton textile industries are distributed in 175 towns and cities across the country.
• Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have maximum number of cotton textile industries.
• Mumbai has a highest number of cotton mills. Hence it is called “Manchester of India”, “cotton polis of India”.
• In addition, Nagpur, Sholapur, Kolkata, Indore, Surratt etc have cotton textile industries.
• In Karnataka Davanagere have more cotton textiles; hence it is called Manchester of Karnataka.
1) What is India’s position in the world with regard to production of Sugar?
India ranks second after Brazil in the production of Sugar.
2) What is the raw material used in the manufacture of Paper?
The raw materials used in Manufacture of paper are bamboo, wood pulp and grass.
3) Which industry is progressing rapidly in India at present?
At present the most rapidly progressing industry in India is Information Technology (IT).
4) Which city is called the Silicon city of India?
Bangaluru is called the Silicon city of India.
5) What is the contribution of Industry to India’s National income?
Industries contributions to India’s national income is about 35%
6) Which district is known as ‘Java of India’?
Gorakhpur of Uttar Pradesh is known as Java of India.
7) From where does India import News print paper?
India imports news print paper from Norway.
8) When did software technology park was establish?
In 1991 A.D
9) What is meant by Industrial zones?
Certain areas of the country have more concentration of industries are called Industrial zones.
10) Which industry is considered to be a basic industry?
Iron & Steel industry is considered to be a basic industry.
11. COMMUNICATION
1. What is GIS? Explain.
Geographical Information System is a system which can collect information, accumulate, enable to use when required, modify and show the data of the earth’s surface.
2. What are the uses of GIS?
a) GIS technology based on maps are more attractive and give accurate information.
b) Various types of geographical, social & economic information can be easily analyzed and models can be created.
c) It is used to give advance intimation regarding weather phenomena.
d) Maps can be created without the need of cartographer in a very short time and maps can be modified.
3. What is Global Positioning System (GPS)?
It is a system based on the information obtained from satellites, the distance between the individual and satellites is accurately calculated and the location of the person to the exact latitude, longitude & height above sea level is given, Because of this, the GPS is also called ‘path finder’.
4. How is India trying to become self-sufficient in GPS communication?
GPS is useful in not only assessing the Geographical position of natural calamities, but also from the point of view of national security. Hence India has launched seven satellites to have its own local GPS.
5. Write about Remote Sensing Technology.
The technology which gathers data from a distance without physically touching the objects is called Remote Sensing Technology. For this, picture of the earth are taken from planes and satellites using powerful cameras, using these picture data about the earth are collected.
6. Mention the importance of communication.
a) People can be aware of policies of the Government.
b) By educating people through mass media about agriculture, industry and speedy development is possible.
c) Mass communication media have been fundamental requirement of trade and commerce.
d) Mass media can be utilized to strengthen the unity, integration and stability in the country.
12. NATURAL DISASTERS
1) What are natural disasters?
Naturally occurring destructive incidents resulting in loss of human life and property are called natural disasters. Eg: Earthquakes, Cyclones, Volcanic eruption etc.
2) What are the effects of Cyclones?
a) They cause large scale deaths.
b) Ocean tides inundate the inland water bodies and make them salty.
c) Crops get totally destroyed.
d) Transport links, electricity supply and daily life of the people get affected badly.
e) Cyclone hit area suffer from infectious diseases, leading to huge causalities.
3) What is Earthquakes?
Earthquakes are one of the most important natural calamities occurring on the land surface. Vibrate or movement of the upper layers of the earth due to the pressure created inside is called Earthquake.
4) What are the causes of floods?
a) Excessive rainfall.
b) Accumulation of silt in the rivers.
c) Changing the direction of rivers.
d) Improperly built dams
e) Deforestation.
5) What are the reasons for landslides?
a) Constantly flowing water and tides result in landslides in mountain and coastal area
b) Construction of railways, roadways and cannels in steep mountain areas.
c) Collection of loose soil on clay soil layer.
d) Deforestation and deep tilling of the slopes.
6) What are the effects of landslide?
a) Flow of smaller rivers is disturbed.
b) Transportation is affected.
c) Stream and many plants get submerged
d) Landslides can cause loss of life and damage of property.
13. POPULATION OF INDIA
1) What is meant by ‘Bimaru’ states? Why does they call so?
Bihar, Madya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh are called Bimaru states, the term is called to refer to the bad status of the economy in these states. These states have a high growth rate of population, low rate of economic development, low literacy rate etc.
2) What are the factors influencing the distribution of population?
The distribution of population in India is influenced by various geographical, economic, political and social factors. They are
• Distribution of rain
• Temperature
• Soil
• Minerals and transport facilities
• Availability of Power and industrial development etc
3) What are the measures taken to control population?
a) Family welfare planning
b) Women welfare projects
c) Prevention of infant mortality
d) Publicity and advertisements
e) Creating awareness among rural people etc.
4) How does rural to Urban migration affect the Urban population?
Migration causes a variety of problems. They are:
a) Formations of slums
b) It leads immoral and criminal activities
c) Pressure mounts on basic amenities
d) Increase of density of population which leads many problems.
5) How can we control migration?
a) Establishing of industrial areas.
b) Providing basic amenities to the rural area and small towns
c) Improving transport facilities between cities and rural areas
d) Establishment of satellite town outside of the city limits
6) What are the types of internal migration?
a) Rural – Rural migration
b) Rural – Urban migration
c) Urban – Rural migration
d) Urban – Urban migration
ECONOMICS
1. DEVELOPMENT
1) What is meant by economic development?
The economic progress of a country is known as economic development.
2) Name the indicators of economic development.
National income and per capita income are the indicators of economic development.
3) What is inclusive growth?
Economic development of a country without excluding any section of the population from the growth progress is regarded as inclusive growth.
4) What is National Income?
The sum total of goods and services produced by a country in a year is called National income.
5) To which group India does belong as per the HDI?
India is belonged to the group of middle level with points of 0.547.
6) Who is credited with framing of the criterion of HDI?
It goes to the Pakistani economist Mehboob-Ul-Haque.
7) What is meant by women Empowerment?
Providing equal opportunities to women to work in all field and encouraging them to take social, economic & political decision like men to do is called women empowerment.
8) What is meant by women Job participation rate?
The ratio of number of women working to that of the total women in the country is known a women’s job participation rate.
9) According to the 2012 would development report which country has high income?
Japan has high income according to the 2012 world development report.
10) What is the job participation rate among women in India?
It is about 22.8% [54.6men]
11) What is the men literacy of India according to the 2011 census?
It is about 82.14%
12) What is the female literacy of India according to the 2011 census?
It is about 65.46%
2. ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT
1) When was the National planning commission setup? Who is the chairman of the commission?
The National planning commission came into exist in 1950. Now it is renamed as Neeti Ayoga. The prime minister of the country is its chairman.
2) Write a note on National Development council.
The National Development council was established in 1952. The chief ministers of all the states are its members. It approves the draft copy of the five year plans prepared by the National planning commission. It also attempts balanced development of all the states in India.
3) What are the objectives of five year plans?
The objective of five year plans are
a) Increasing the production to the maximum extent possible.
b) Increasing the employment opportunities.
c) Reducing economic disparities.
d) Ensuring economic stability.
e) Modernizing the economy.
4) What are the failures of five year plans?
a) There is drastic increase in inequality of income.
b) They have fail to create adequate jobs.
c) Lack of basic facilities have deepened.
d) Equality and social justice are yet to be attained.
5) What benefit were extended to small famers under the system of subsidy?
Under the system of subsidy, the government distributed seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and farm equipment at very cheap rates. In addition, provisions was made to grant loans and low interest rates from banks and co-operative societies.
6) What steps has been taken by the government towards liberalization?
a) In order to move towards free economy, the government withdrew the unnecessary rules and regulations which hampered the growth of economic activities.
b) It minimized the government intervention in the economic activities of the people.
c) It made way for competition in production and marketing.
7) What steps has been taken by the government towards privatization?
The steps taken by the government towards privatizations are
a) It relaxed the restrictions pertaining to private industry.
b) The limit of private capital investment in the industries removed.
c) Total freedom provided for establishing, expanding, existing the industries.
d) The practice of issuing license for establishing private industries is abolished.
8) What are the positive aspects of Globalization?
The positive aspects of Globalization is
a) It has enabled the inflow of modern technology and foreign investment.
b) It has improved efficiency and equality of production.
c) It has also helped in the maximum area of available resources.
d) It has enabled our economy to compete at the international level.
9) What are the ill-effects of Globalization?
The ill effects of Globalizations are:
a) Medium and small scale industries are perishing against multi-national companies.
b) Gap is widening between urban and rural communities and between rich and poor.
c) Framers suicides are increasing as agro-product do not fetch good price.
d) labours are facing insecurity.
10) What is the problem associated with Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?
The foreign direct investments are mostly done by huge multi-National companies. Our domestic companies do not have financial or technical ability to complete with them. Therefore, many medium and small-scale industries are gradually perish. This is the major problem of FDI
3. RURAL DEVELOPMENT
1) How is economic situation in the rural areas of India?
a) Majority of the people engaged in agriculture.
b) Less income
c) Back warded small scale and cottage industries
d) 1/3 of the rural population lives in poverty.
e) Unemployment, illiteracy and ill health common in rural areas.
f) Lack of basic amentias.
To overcome these problems government introduced 3 tier panchayat Raj system.
2) Explain briefly the significance of rural development.
The significance of rural development
a) Basic amentias should be provided to the rural people.
b) Skills and capability to work should be enhanced.
c) Agriculture and its related activities should be supported that to become profitable and attractive occupation.
d) The rural people should be provided essential facilities like electricity transportation and communication.
e) Education should be provided.
f) Industrial support should be given by establishing small scale industries in rural areas.
3) Explain Gandhiji’s concept of “Grama Swarajya” in the light of decentralization.
Mahatma Gandhiji, father of our nations strongly believed that employment of villages is the real development. He declare independence should begin with villages first and each village should be a democratic unit with peoples rule. Through decentralization of power, self reliant, self sufficient and prosperous villages can be developed. This process was called grama swaraj by mahatma Gandhiji.
Decentralization may put a stop to all kinds of exploitation and emphasis the human independence and dignity and nature human values like compassion and co-operation.
4) What is the role of panchayat raj institution in rural development?
a) They provide basic facilities like water, transport, education, health etc
b) They provide employment opportunities through various programmes.
c) Social and cultural activities can be encouraged through celebration of villages fares and festivals.
d) They introduces social welfare programmes like old age pensions, pension for widow and disables etc.
e) They introduces agricultural development programmes and subsidies for farmers.
f) Self help group can also be introduce the development of rural women.
4. PUBLIC FINANCE AND BUDGET
1) Explain briefly the significance of public finance.
• The main aim of the government is welfare of the public and economic progress of the nation so it announces the fiscal policy related to its income and expenditure and debt.
• The Government formulates methods to equitably distribute the country’s natural wealth, labour and capital investment and tries to maximize the production.
• The Government, through its financial policies enhance the public expenditure in priority areas like agriculture, industries, service sector etc.. Ex. India utilize public finance in order to eradicate poverty and unemployment.
• So, the public finance gives the clear picture about income and expenditure of the government and thereby it guides the government to establish financial stability.
2) List the planned expenditure of the central Government.
The government spends money for various purposes, expenditure can be classified into two types.
1) Revenue Expenditure
2) Capital Expenditure.
1) Revenue Expenditure; The expenditure is used for various financial and social services, defense, administration, interest payments, grants to states and other purposes. This can be further divided into 2 groups called planned and non-planned expenditure.
2) Planned Expenditure : Financial Services like agriculture and its related activities like industry, communication, fuel, science and technology, rural development etc…
Social Service: Like education, health, family welfare, drinking water, supply of electricity, housing, social welfare etc…..
General Services: The expenditure incurred on maintenance of peace, law and order
3) Explain the aspects of non-tax revenue of the central Government.
The Government generates revenue from other sources. This is called non- expenditure revenue. The main types of non-tax revenue are.
1. The net profit earned by the Reserve Bank of India.
2. The net profit earned by the Indian railways, department of post and tele communication.
3. The revenue generated by public sector industries.
4. Various types of fines, fees, penalties etc.
4) What is fiscal deficit? Mention the four kinds of fiscal deficit.
In the revenue, if the Government expenditure is more than its tax revenue and non loan capital revenue, it is called fiscal revenue.
1. Fiscal deficit : Tax revenue + non plan capital revenue.
2. Budget deficit : Total Revenue – Total expenditure/
3. Tax deficit : Tax revenue – Tax expenditure.
4. Primary deficit : Fiscal deficit – Interest payment.
• The government manages the public finance through fiscal policy.
• In the budget, when the Government’s revenue is more than its expenditure it is called surplus budget.
• The revenue generated by the government through internal and external loan is - capital receipts.
• If the burden of the tax imposed by the Government can be transferred, such tax is called – Indirect tax.
• If in the budget the income and expenditure are equal it is a – balanced budget.
• Government has to get the approval of the parliament for its budget before march-31st every year.
• The policy followed by the Government with regard to its income, expenditure and loan is called – Fiscal policy.,
• Income tax is a – Direct Tax
• Excise duty is a – Indirect tax.
BUSINESS STUDIES
01. BANK TRANSACTIONS
1) List out the characteristics relating to bank transactions.
f) Dealing with money.
g) They accept deposits from costumers.
h) They lend loans to the costumers.
i) Payment and with drawl services.
j) Agencies and utility services.
k) Profit and Service orientation etc.
2) What are the functions of Bank?
e) Accepting deposits from public and others.
f) Lending money to public as loans.
g) Transferring money from one place to another.
h) Collecting money, Cheques, draft and bills.
i) Hiring safe deposits lockers etc.
j) Discounting of bills.
3) Explain the relation between the bank and its customers.
There are two types of relation between bank and its customers.
1. General Relationship :
d) Debtor and Creditor relationship.
e) Subsidiary relationship.
f) Agent and principle relationship.
2. Special Relationship.
a) Obligation to honor Cheques
b) Obligation to maintain secrecy of accounts.
4) What are the advantages of opening a bank account?
a) Bank account facilitates a safe custody of money.
b) It helps in making payment.
c) It helps in collecting of money.
d) Account holder gets advances and loans.
e) Account holders get safe deposited locker facilities.
f) It develops saving attitude among people.
5) What are the procedures to open a bank account?
a) Decide the type of account.
b) Approach the bank of choice and meet its officer.
c) Kill up the bank account form or proposal form.
d) Give reference for opening as account.
e) Submit the fully filled form.
f) Verification of the proposal
g) Initial deposit to be made.
02. INSURANCE
1) Explain the importance of Insurance.
a) Insurance covers the risk of death, disabilities or lost.
b) It encourages compulsory saving.
c) It achieves the purpose of the life assured.
d) It gives peace of mind getting coverage for life property.
e) It helps when loss of life occurs.
f) It helps social benefits.
g) It provides loan facilities and tax relief.
2) What are the advantages of Insurance Company?
a) It provides employment opportunities.
b) It provides a sense of security.
c) It provides protection to property.
d) It provides responsible profit to many.
e) It gets profit from the financial transaction.
f) Encourages economic growth.
g) Promotes international trade.
3) What are the steps to be taken at the time of taking an insurance policy?
a) Shortlist the insurance company.
b) Enquiry about the insurance, cost and premium.
c) Obtain the application form.
d) Complete the proposal form in all respect.
e) Submit the proposal form.
f) Scrutiny of the proposal.
g) Issuing of bonds.
h) Acceptance of the policy.
03. ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1. Who was the entrepreneur developed India’s First hospital group?
Dr. Pratap Reddy was developed India’s first hospital group (Apollo Hospitals)
2. Which airline is founded by Naresh Goyal?
Jet Airways is the airline founded by Naresh Goyal.
3. Which is India’s largest domestic airlines in the private sector?
Jet airways is the largest domestic airlines in the private sector.
4. Who is known as the father of white Revolution?
Varghese Kurien is known as the father of white Revolution.
5. Which is the largest dairy development enterprise in India?
The Anand milk Dairy in Kaira district of Gujarat Largest development enterprise in India.
6. Who is the chairman of Wipro technologies?
Ajim premji is the chairman of Wipro technologies.
7. Who is considered as the “Queen of Indian Television”?
Ekta Kapoor, the creative director of Balaji Telefilms, is considered as the Queen of Indian Television.
8. Which is the largest Bio-technology company in India?
Bio-con ltd. is the largest biotechnology company in India.
Points to Remember
1. The word ‘Entrepreneur’ has come from the French word – entrependre.
2. The District Industries centres were started in India in – 1978.
3. The company founded by Kiran Mazumdar shah is – Bio-con.
4. The first Indian software company to be listed on NASDAQ was – Infosys Technology.
5. The founder of Reliance Industries was – Dhirabhai Ambani.
04. GLOBALIZATION OF BUSINESS
1. ‘Globalization helps the world wide economic movement’ substantiate your answer.
a) Globalization helps to economic growth and generates a wider range of products and services.
b) It increases the international flow of capital including foreign investment.
c) It has made the availability of the similar type of products all over the world.
d) It creates free trade zone by removing the import and export duties.
2. What are the advantages of Globalization?
a. Globalization promotes economic growth and generates a wider range of products and services.
b. It helps to increase the standard of living of the people.
c. It increases GDP of the country.
d. Economic interdependence among different countries can build improved political and social links.
3. Make a list of characteristic of Globalization.
a. Increase the flow of international capital.
b. Development of global financial system.
c. Creates international cultural exchange.
d. Creates international travels and tourism.
4. What are the negative aspects of Globalization?
a. Globalization causes child labour and slavery.
b. It causes to unethical practices in business dealings.
c. Globalization leads many diseases like AIDS, Cancer, and Ebola etc.
d. It increases unemployment in developed countries.
5. What are the major functions of WTO?
• Administrating of world trade agreements.
• Forum for trade negotiations.
• Handling trade disputes.
• Technical assistance and training for developing countries.
• IMF - International Monetary Fund.
• OPEC - Oil Producing and Exporting Countries.
• WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization.
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